Source One:
I recently read the article, “The Influence of Voice Volume, Pitch, and Speech Rate on Progressive Relaxation Training: Application of Methods from Speech Pathology and Audiology”. The APA citation is found below for this source specifically:
Knowlton, G. E., & Larkin, K. T. (2006). The Influence of Voice Volume, Pitch, and Speech Rate on Progressive Relaxation
Training: Application of Methods from Speech Pathology and Audiology. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 31(2), 173-185. doi:10.1007/s10484-006-9014-6
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This journal was mainly about the effects of the voice volume, pitch, and speech rate on Progressive Relaxation Training specifically for Speech Pathology and Audiology. The author suggests that a major part of Speech Therapy is the dialogue between the therapist and patient that in a way promotes and maintains the progress throughout the therapy. If a child is in speech therapy, it is easier for them to have a conversation with their therapist because it gives the speech therapist a good idea on whether the child can put the sounds he or she is learning in a proper conversation. A study showed that talk therapy could affect how the child learned from their therapist. Talk therapy rely deeply on guided imagery, meditation, hypnotic induction or progressive muscle relaxation training (PRT). But, if the therapist has a different voice volume, pitch, and timbre of speech it can greatly change the effectiveness of the therapy of the child. For example, the goal is to relax the student and if the speech therapist’s voice is not soothing the entire “operation” will not succeed. Another study was conducted by two scientists named Morris and Suckerman. They compared a warm therapist with a cold therapist using an automatic procedure to control for any possible variation in the therapist’s implementation. The results indicated a significant improvement on self-report measures of tests and trait anxiety for the warm treatment group. The voice of the warm therapist was described as soft, melodic, and casual and they realized it was extremely important for successful treatment outcomes. The article goes on to describe this experiment more in detail and the certain measures of sound taken from each therapy session from the warm therapist and the cold therapist.
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The most significant quotes are as follow: “Evidence from these studies suggest that a voice that is soft, melodic, and casual may be important for demonstrating successful treatment outcomes” (Knowlton and Larkin 174). “Operationalizing the therapist’s voice in vague terms such as ‘warm’ ‘soft’ ‘pleasant’ or ‘melodic’ does little for understanding the intricate vocal characteristics involved” (Knowlton and Larkin 174). “The primary aim of this paper is to describe how methods devised for evaluating vocal characteristics in speech pathology and audiology settings can be used to in psychological research for purposes of evaluating therapy outcomes” (Knowlton and Larkin 174). “Psychoanalysts, humanists, and cognitive behavioral therapists alike all rely upon the therapeutic dialogue between therapists and patient to promote and maintain progress in therapy” (Knowlton and Larkin 173). “Although not representing a typical course of PRT, previous studies have obtained significant reductions in both physiological and subjective measures of tension after a single session of relaxation training” (Knowlton and Larkin 175).
The journal is published by the Springer Science and Business Media Inc. This journal was published on August 3rd, 2006 and appears to have many reviews on this specific journal online. This journal is a part of a set of books under the name Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback and is found in volume 31, book number two. It is supported by the .gov at the end of the website, so all potential bias in the study is discarded. I will potentially use this article in my research to signify the importance of the voice reflection of the therapist and how everything that the therapist does throughout the session can greatly impact their patient throughout the process of fixing their language. I also learned about a different method of therapy called Progressive Relaxation Training. This type of therapy will help me further understand the different ways each speech therapist can attend to their clients.
Source Two:
I recently read the article “Teaching of Speech, Language, and Communication Skills for Young Children with Severe Autism Spectrum Disorders”. The citation of the source in APA format found below. I used the APA format because this format is used to cite sources within the social sciences. Speech Pathology qualifies as a social science, so therefore this source is formatted to APA.
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Low, H. M. (2011, November 30). Teaching of Speech, Language and Communication Skills for Young Children with Severe Autism Spectrum Disorders: What Do Educators Need to Know?. Retrieved February 02, 2018, from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ955538
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There is a total of five steps in order to complete a corrected annotated bibliography. The next step in the process of an annotated bibliography is a summary of the article. “Teaching of Speech, Language, and Communication Skills for Young Children with Severe Autism Spectrum Disorder” talks about the increase of preschool and school-age children that have been diagnosed with Spectrum Disorders (Learning Disorders). School systems are not including these children in environments that will enable them to grow and to communicate with their peers. This paper is placed on the ideas of speech, language, and communication skills which each of these children have a lack of. The author states that the paper’s main goal is “Aimed to bridge the knowledge gap in teaching students with ASD, this paper will provide the general educator with basic knowledge in teaching speech, language, and communication skills to students with ASD” (Hui Min 17). A case is illustrated throughout the paper to provide the idea of how a child with autism or ASD (an abbreviation for Spectrum Disorders) can learn and improve once they are given the individualized teaching management and intervention from the Speech Pathologists. Teaching severe ASD children speech also allows teachers to understand these children’s behavioral patterns and learning style. Each of these kids have their own way of learning and the teacher and the school system need to understand that. The paper mentions that teaching could be targeted to help develop the deficient skills and use the strategies taught to their kids to facilitate communication. The paper contains two tables that enable readers to understand the data that was collected during the experiment conducted.
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The potential quotes that I found throughout the article were “Autism Spectrum Disorders, or more commonly known the abbreviation ‘ASD’ refer to a category of developmental disabilities with problems in initiating and maintaining reciprocal social interaction, problems in communication and the use of idiosyncratic language and repetitive motor mannerism” (Hui Min 17). With the use of this quote I will be able to understand the meaning behind autism disorders and how each of these children diagnosed with it interact differently with their environment. Another potential quote I am able to use throughout my research process is “In a review of international epidemiological studies on this category of disorder Fombonne (2003; 2009) reported an estimation of 28 to 70 per 10,000 as the prevalence of ASD” (Hui Min 17). Statistics like this one found in the academic journal will help support my thesis and enable me to provide specific evidence with my research. One last quote that is of mass importance to me is “Being a key diagnostic feature, deficits in communication development are experiences by all children with ASD. The deficits included lack of interest to communicate with others, late of intentionality in communication, and lack of abilities to initiate, maintain and end a reciprocal interaction” (Hui Min 19).
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A credible source is a major part of an annotated bibliography. My source that I have read is a credible source because the URL that the website is found is a government source because of the .gov at the end of it. With this credibility the source is more valid than most. The source also appears on a credible website, Galileo. After hours of looking through several articles, I finally found this academic journal that matched my essential question perfectly. The article “Teaching of Speech, Language, and Communication Skills for Young Children with Severe Autism Spectrum Disorder” fits my potential research because it talks about the different way teachers communicate with their autistic students and how exactly these students learn. This article will make a large impact on my research because it provides with statistics from an experiment that was conducted, which then allows me to use those powerful points to support my essential question of “How can I adapt different SLP methods to impact various degrees of autism?”
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Source Three:
I recently read the article “"Quantitative analysis of disfluency in children with autism spectrum disorder or language impairment". The citation of the source is in APA format and found below. I used the APA format because this particular source is found within the category of social sciences. Speech pathology and audiology qualifies as a social science, so again that is why this specific source is in APA format.
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Macfarlane, H., Gorman, K., Ingham, R., Hill, A. P., Papadakis, K., Kiss, G., & Santen, J. V. (2017). Quantitative analysis of disfluency in children with autism spectrum disorder or language impairment. Plos One, 12(3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173936
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“Quantitative analysis of disfluency in children with autism spectrum disorder or language impairment” is mainly about the deficits in social communication that are dominate in the autism spectrum disorder or ASD. These speech disfluencies cause the speaking problems in these children or adults. They are no longer able to communicate with the world in which they live in. No one understands their wants or their needs or their emotions. This academic article also talks about the different types of ASD and how dominate speech disfluencies are in each category. The common ASD patient differ from the “typically developing speakers” in the types of patterns of disfluencies they produce. They are unable to provide correct and detailed characterizations of methods of speech and make something called cross-study comparison difficult. The article conducts a study by proposing a simple schema for classifying major disfluency types and use it in an “explanatory analysis” to understand the different patterns of speech disfluencies in ASD patients.
The potential quotes that I found throughout the academic journal that will impact my essential question and my research are as followed. Each article that I have used in throughout my research have a different definition of ASD. This article states, “Autism spectrum disorder is characterized by deficits in communication, impairments in social interaction, and restricted or repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities” (MacFarlane 1). Understanding children and adolescents with ASD is almost like solving a puzzle. This article states what each patient suffers from, “Children and adolescents with ASD experience difficulties with initiating conversation or responding to the initiations of others, taking conversational turns, staying on topic, and producing coherent narrative” (MacFarlane 2). Simply understanding these students’ patterns will help speech therapists understand what methods to use to help them communicate properly with their peers. I never knew what the particular definition of speech impairment was until I stumbled upon this article. The academic journal defines it as “Specific language impairment is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by language delays or deficits in the absence of accompanying developmental or sensory impairments” (MacFarlane 3).
After further research of my source, I was able to find that it is indeed a valid source. Each of the authors that contributed to the paper were experts in their fields with a degree in speech pathology. The URL that the source is found is an education source because of the ending of the site of .edu. Since the academic journal is a research paper, it is not biased. Each of the sentences written are based on the data collected from the study conducted and detailed throughout the article. The article fits my essential question almost perfectly. It correlates with the idea of finding a speech method that works for a student with ASD. The source was extremely helpful because it provided me with new data points and new insight about what exactly my field of study is all about. I am thinking about using this source in my PowerPoint. It will help create a better background for my audience and allow them to see the extent of my knowledge on this topic.